Definition of COPD: based on evidence or opinion?
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Definition of COPD: based on evidence or opinion?
In 1986, the American Thoracic Society (ATS) first suggested a fixed ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ,0.75 to define airflow obstruction [1]. Subsequent ATS documents published in 1991 [2] and 1995 [3] generically defined airflow obstruction as a reduction of FEV1/FVC, without recommending any numerical cutoff point. By contrast, the Europea...
متن کاملRamadan fasting: Evidence or expert opinion? Results of preliminary studies
Each year, over a billion Muslims fast worldwide during the month of Ramadan. Through this religious practice, not only will one have spiritual growth, but can improve his/her diet, which is of pivotal importance in this month. Conversely, the available evidence regarding the health benefits of Ramadan fasting is scarce and highly contentious. Although Islam exempts patients from fasting, many...
متن کاملramadan fasting: evidence or expert opinion? results of preliminary studies
each year, over a billion muslims fast worldwide during the month of ramadan. through this religious practice, not only will one have spiritual growth, but can improve his/her diet, which is of pivotal importance in this month. conversely, the available evidence regarding the health benefits of ramadan fasting is scarce and highly contentious. although islam exempts patients from fasting, many...
متن کاملstudy of hash functions based on chaotic maps
توابع درهم نقش بسیار مهم در سیستم های رمزنگاری و پروتکل های امنیتی دارند. در سیستم های رمزنگاری برای دستیابی به احراز درستی و اصالت داده دو روش مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند که عبارتند از توابع رمزنگاری کلیددار و توابع درهم ساز. توابع درهم ساز، توابعی هستند که هر متن با طول دلخواه را به دنباله ای با طول ثابت تبدیل می کنند. از جمله پرکاربردترین و معروف ترین توابع درهم می توان توابع درهم ساز md4, md...
What evidence could validate the definition of COPD?
diagram really a useful way of illustrating the components of COPD? Often the components of COPD are described as alveolar destruction (emphysema), small airway fibrosis (bronchiolitis) and chronic bronchitis. As most of the airflow obstruction is due to reduced airflow in the small conducting airways, it seems a little odd not to have small airways disease in the diagram. Should we then start ...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: European Respiratory Journal
سال: 2008
ISSN: 0903-1936,1399-3003
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00154307